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The bankruptcy of a company is a delicate and challenging moment for both entrepreneurs and creditors and others involved. In this context, it is important to understand the liability of partners in the event of bankruptcy, their legal obligations and the measures that can be adopted to minimize financial losses. 1. Limited liability and the separation between legal entities and individuals One of the main characteristics of companies is the division between the legal entity and the individual of the partners. This separation is essential to ensure that, in the event of bankruptcy, debts and obligations are directed to the legal entity and not to the personal assets of the partners. This principle of limited liability means that, as a rule, the partners are not personally responsible for the company's debts, and their obligations are linked to the invested share capital. 2. Disregard of the legal personality However, there are situations in which the Justice may disregard the separation between the legal entity and the individual of the partners. This occurs when abuse of legal personality or misuse of purpose is found, that is, when the partners use the company fraudulently or for personal benefit, harming creditors. In these cases, it is possible for the partners to be personally liable for the company's debts. The disregard of legal personality is an exceptional measure that seeks to preserve the rights of creditors and combat fraud. 3. Preventive measures and care for partners To avoid disregarding the legal personality and the consequent personal liability of partners in the event of bankruptcy, it is essential to adopt preventive measures and take care when managing the company. Some examples of best practices are: - Keep the company's accounting organized, with records and documents that prove the separation between personal and business finances; - Do not use company resources for personal purposes without proper accounting and approval; - Respect the company's tax and labor obligations, honoring tax and salary payments; - Avoid asset confusion, that is, not use personal assets in company activities or vice versa; - Keep the company regularized and up to date with its obligations before regulatory and supervisory bodies. 4. Judicial recovery as an alternative In situations of financial difficulties, judicial recovery can be an alternative for entrepreneurs who seek to restructure their company and avoid bankruptcy. This legal procedure allows the entrepreneur to present a recovery plan that includes the payment of debts under more favorable conditions. Judicial recovery aims at preserving the company, enabling its continuity and the maintenance of jobs. However, it is necessary to carry out a careful analysis of the debts, the viability of the business and draw up a consistent plan for creditors to approve the recovery proposal. Conclusion: Although the liability of partners in the event of bankruptcy is, in principle, limited to the legal entity, it is essential to adopt preventive measures and care to avoid disregarding the legal personality. Respect for tax and labor obligations and compliance with legal regulations are fundamental to guarantee the protection of the personal assets of the partners. In cases of financial difficulties, judicial recovery may be an option to try to save the company and protect the interests of those involved. Thus, preventive actions, responsible management and the monitoring of specialized professionals are essential to avoid bankruptcy situations and minimize the negative impacts on the partners and other creditors involved.

The expropriation of real estate for purposes of public interest is a relevant and complex issue that involves the need to reconcile the common good with the right to private property. In this context, it is essential to promote an in-depth discussion on the criteria, limits and procedures involved in this process, aiming to ensure justice and respect for the rights of owners. 1. Definition and justification of expropriation Expropriation is an action by the public power whose purpose is the compulsory transfer of property private sector for the State or for public entities, aiming to meet public interest needs, such as the construction of infrastructure, implementation of urban development projects, environmental preservation, among others. This measure is justified by the imperative of the public interest, which seeks to guarantee the well-being and development of society as a whole, even if this requires the temporary or definitive restriction of the property rights of some individuals. 2. Limits and criteria for expropriation Expropriation must occur within the limits established by the Federal Constitution and by the specific laws of the country. Among the criteria to be observed are: - Clear demonstration of the need for the property for the public interest, through technical studies and assessment of social, economic and environmental impacts; - Fair compensation to the owner, which must be calculated in a transparent manner, considering the property's market value and any losses resulting from expropriation; - Guaranteed process of full defense and contradictory to the owner, ensuring his right to challenge the expropriation and present arguments in his defense; - Obligation of proven public utility, that is, expropriation should only occur when there is a real need for that property for the project in question. 3. Alternatives to expropriation In some cases, expropriation can be considered an extreme measure, and therefore it is important to consider alternatives before making this decision. Some examples of solutions that can be explored are: - Direct negotiation between the government and the owners, seeking an agreement for the acquisition of the property, thus avoiding legal conflicts and guaranteeing fair compensation; - Public-private partnerships, in which the government works together with the private sector to make projects viable without the need for expropriations; - Review of urban planning and design, in order to adapt the needs of the public interest to areas that are already vacant or that do not require expropriation. 4. Democratic debate and popular participation The expropriation of real estate for purposes of public interest is a decision of great impact that affects directly into people's lives. Therefore, it is essential to promote a democratic debate and encourage popular participation in this process. Public hearings, popular consultations and transparency in decisions are tools that can contribute to greater legitimacy and acceptance of expropriations. Conclusion: The expropriation of real estate for purposes of public interest is a legitimate action by the public authorities, as long as it occurs within the limits and criteria established by law. It is important to ensure fair compensation to the affected owners, as well as to explore alternatives that may avoid the need to expropriate the properties. In addition, the promotion of a democratic debate and popular participation are essential to guarantee the transparency and legitimacy of decisions related to expropriations. In this way, it is possible to reconcile the collective interest with the protection of the individual rights of landowners and promote sustainable and comprehensive urban development.

The discussion on civil liability for socio-environmental damage is essential to promote sustainable development and environmental protection. In this context, it is necessary to address the concepts of responsibility, the types of socio-environmental damages and the guarantees of reparation to the communities affected by these damages. 1. Civil liability for socio-environmental damage Civil liability is the obligation to repair damage caused to third parties as a result of a negligent, reckless or willful action. In the socio-environmental context, this responsibility falls on companies, organizations and individuals that cause damage to nature or to local communities affected by polluting activities, habitat destruction, accidents and other negative impacts. 2. Types of socio-environmental damage The socio-environmental damage can be diverse, including: - Pollution of air, water and soil: harmful emissions, dumping of toxic waste, leaks of harmful chemicals; - Degradation of ecosystems: deforestation, destruction of habitats, irreversible impacts on biodiversity; - Violation of human rights: forced displacement of indigenous communities, shortage of vital natural resources for the survival of local populations; - Environmental accidents: oil spills, dam failures, failures in safety systems; - Climate change: excessive greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to global warming and its negative impacts. 3. Compensation guarantees for affected communities To ensure that socio-environmental damage is repaired and that affected communities are adequately compensated , measures such as: - The establishment of efficient accountability mechanisms, including the application of fines proportional to the damage caused; - The creation of socio-environmental compensation funds, fed by the companies responsible, and directed towards projects to recover degraded areas and support affected communities; - The adoption of transparency and public participation policies, allowing affected communities to have a voice in decisions that affect their rights and their environment; - The implementation of environmental management systems, with emphasis on damage prevention and the adoption of sustainable practices. 4. Importance of civil liability for socio-environmental damage Civil liability for socio-environmental damage plays a crucial role in promoting sustainability and in ensuring a healthy environment for present and future generations. In addition, such accountability contributes to the awareness and engagement of companies in the search for more sustainable practices, encouraging the adoption of clean technologies and actions to mitigate negative impacts. Conclusion: Civil liability for socio-environmental damage is essential to ensure repair of damage caused to the environment and communities affected by polluting and predatory activities. It is imperative that companies, organizations and individuals are aware of their actions and assume the consequences when they cause socio-environmental damage. The implementation of adequate policies, regulations and procedures, together with the awareness and participation of society, will contribute to preventing harm and building a more sustainable world. Civil liability for socio-environmental damage not only repairs, but also serves as an incentive factor for the adoption of environmentally responsible practices, aiming at a more balanced and harmonious future.

The issue of civil liability for damage caused to third parties is extremely important for the legal system, as it deals with the consequences of actions or omissions that result in damage to individuals or groups. In this context, it is necessary to analyze the concepts of civil liability, the types of damage caused and the forms of reparation to victims. 1. Liability for damage caused to third parties: Civil liability is the legal obligation to repair damage caused to third parties resulting from conduct that constitutes negligence, recklessness or intent. This responsibility falls on individuals or legal entities that, through their acts or omissions, cause material, moral or physical damage to third parties. 2. Types of damage caused to third parties: Damage caused to third parties can be classified into several categories, such as: - Material damage: damage caused to a person's material goods, such as damage to vehicles, homes, work tools, among others. - Moral damages: refer to non-material losses, such as pain, psychological suffering, loss of reputation or violation of very personal rights. - Physical damage: means bodily injury or damage to the health of a person, resulting from a negligent, reckless or willful act or omission of a third party. 3. Forms of compensation to victims: To guarantee compensation for damage caused to third parties, some forms of compensation can be adopted, such as: - Monetary compensation: involves the payment of a sum of money to the victim, with the aim of repairing the damage suffered. The value is calculated based on proven material, moral or physical damage. - Measures of a non-pecuniary nature: may include public retraction, provision of community services, health or safety measures, among other forms of non-financial compensation. 4. Importance of civil liability for damage caused to third parties: Civil liability for damages caused to third parties is essential for maintaining order and social justice. It plays an important role in preventing abuse and protecting people's rights and integrity. In addition, it aims to encourage respect and individual responsibility, improving coexistence in society. Conclusion: Civil liability for damage caused to third parties is a crucial issue for the establishment of a fairer and more balanced society. The obligation to repair the damage caused encourages prudence and responsibility in all spheres of personal and professional life. Thus, it is necessary that laws are clearly and effectively applied, ensuring that victims are adequately compensated for the damage suffered. Only in this way will it be possible to promote justice and legal certainty, making society aware of the importance of acting responsibly in its relations with third parties.

Commercial leasing is a complex legal relationship involving the owner of the property and the lessee, usually a businessman, aiming to use the space for commercial purposes. However, conflicts related to rent adjustment and contract renewal may eventually arise, topics that we will explore in this article. It is important to know the rights and duties of both parties in order to seek appropriate solutions and avoid unnecessary disputes. 1. Rent adjustment: legal fundamentals and market practices Rent adjustment is a sore point in lease negotiations commercial. In Brazil, the Tenancy Law (Law No. 8,245/91) establishes that the readjustment can be made by means of an agreement between the parties or based on monetary correction indices, such as the General Market Price Index (IGP-M ), the National Construction Cost Index (INCC) or the Extended National Consumer Price Index (IPCA). It is important to emphasize that, although the legislation allows free negotiation between the parties, market practices and supply and demand significantly influence the readjustment of commercial rent. In some cases, contracts may provide for specific clauses regarding readjustment, limiting correction rates. 2. Conflicts Regarding Rent Adjustments Disagreements regarding rent adjustments are common in commercial leasing. Often, the difference between the value proposed by the lessor and that accepted by the lessee generates impasses and debates. In the same way, it is important to question the correct application of the correction index and verify if the increase is in line with the values practiced in the market or if it is excessive. In addition, it may be necessary to analyze whether the readjustment is allowed by law or if the contract has a specific clause in this regard. In these cases, it is recommended to seek mediation between the parties, in order to try to reach an agreement that is fair and balanced. Dialogue and mutual understanding are key to resolving these conflicts. 3. Contract renewal: rights and duties Contract renewal is another crucial point in the commercial leasing relationship. According to the Tenancy Law, the lessee has the right to renew the contract, as long as he meets the legal requirements and informs the lessor of his intention within 12 months before the end of the contract. However, the lessor also has rights and may oppose the renewal, provided that it legitimately justifies it, such as the need for own use of the property or for construction or renovation that implies a change of commercial activity. Conflicts can arise when there is disagreement between the parties regarding the terms of the renewal, such as the new rent amount, duration of the new contract and any improvements that may be required. 4. Friendly negotiation and the figure of the mediator To avoid prolonged disputes, it is recommended that the parties seek friendly negotiation and the figure of the mediator to help resolve conflicts. Mediation is an effective alternative, in which an impartial and skilled mediator assists the parties in reaching a consensus. Mediation allows both landlord and tenant to express their interests and needs, with the aim of finding solutions that are beneficial to both parties. This collaborative approach can avoid costly litigation and preserve the relationship between the parties involved. 5. Preventive Measures and Precautions When Signing a Commercial Lease Agreement Prevention is always better than cure. Therefore, it is essential that, when signing a commercial lease agreement, both the lessor and the lessee are aware of the contractual details and clauses. It is indicated that the parties are careful during the elaboration of the contract, including aspects such as rent adjustment, renewal, rights and obligations, improvements, responsibility for repairs, among others. It is advisable to have the advice of a professional specializing in real estate law to ensure that all relevant issues are properly addressed. Conclusion: Conflicts involving rent readjustment and contract renewal in commercial leases are common, but are also subject to amicable resolution. Dialogue between the parties, the search for an impartial mediator and compliance with legal norms are fundamental for resolving these differences. Both landlord and tenant should seek legal knowledge and adequate advice before signing any contract, in order to avoid future problems and ensure a more harmonious lease relationship. With preventive measures and a mutual understanding, it is possible to build a healthy and fair tenant relationship for both parties involved.

1. How to identify a reliable lottery company and check its reputation? 2. What are the benefits of purchasing a property from a renowned developer? 3. What should I consider when choosing a construction company for my work? 4. How to verify the experience and quality of a construction company? 5. What are the main criteria for evaluating the quality of construction of a property? 6. How can real estate agents help me in the search for the ideal property? 7. What services do real estate agents offer in addition to buying and selling real estate? 8. How to choose a reliable and competent real estate agent? 9. What is the role of real estate agencies in negotiating and documenting real estate? 10. How can a real estate agency help me obtain mortgage financing? 11.What are the main steps to purchase a property while minimizing risks and legally? 1. Identifying a reliable developer: A reliable developer has characteristics such as transparency, a solid reputation in the market and a track record of successfully delivered works. It is essential to carry out a thorough analysis of the company, verifying its credibility, experience, quality of projects, compliance with deadlines and respect for consumer rights. In addition, a reliable developer must offer adequate infrastructure, respecting safety standards and urban planning. 2. Acquiring real estate from a renowned developer: By choosing a renowned developer, you guarantee benefits such as high quality construction, privileged locations, security, adequate infrastructure and appreciation of the investment made. Renowned lotteries usually have an experienced team and a history of successful projects, prioritizing customer satisfaction. 3. Hiring a competent construction company: In the search for a competent construction company, it is important to consider criteria such as market reputation, experience, technical capacity, qualified staff, use of quality materials and meeting deadlines. In addition, a competent construction company must offer a personalized service, adapting to the client's needs, and being up-to-date on the best construction practices and technological innovations. 4. Check the construction company's experience and quality: The experience of a construction company can be evaluated based on the length of time it has been in the market, the number of works carried out and its reputation with customers and suppliers. To assess the quality of the construction company, it is important to analyze the efficiency of the construction processes, the use of suitable materials, the guarantee of safety in the works and the satisfaction of previous customers. 5. Ensuring the quality of construction: The quality of construction is essential for the durability, aesthetics and comfort of the property. Quality construction involves the choice of suitable materials, skilled labor, use of up-to-date construction techniques, respect for current standards and regulations, in addition to strict monitoring of the execution of the work. 6. Importance of real estate agencies in the search for the ideal property: Real estate agents play a fundamental role in facilitating the search and negotiation of the ideal property. They have a wide portfolio of properties available for different profiles and needs. In addition, real estate agents can offer technical support, assisting in the analysis of documentation, property valuation and negotiation with the owner. 7. Services offered by real estate agents: In addition to buying and selling real estate, real estate agents offer a variety of services to make the customer experience more complete. This includes assistance in obtaining real estate financing, assistance in regularizing documentation, market analysis to define a fair price, legal and administrative assistance, among others. 8. Ethics in the performance of real estate agents: Real estate agencies must strictly follow the OAB code of ethics, ensuring that the services provided are guided by honesty, transparency, confidentiality and respect for the rights of those involved. When hiring a real estate agent, the client is assured that their negotiation will be conducted in an honest and professional manner. 9. Importance of real estate agents in negotiation and documentation: Real estate agents have specialized knowledge in real estate negotiation and in the analysis of the necessary documentation to complete the deal. They guarantee the legal security of the process, verifying the legality of the documents and assisting in the preparation of contracts, avoiding possible future problems. 10. Real estate financing services offered by real estate agents: Real estate agents have partnerships with renowned financial institutions, which allows them to offer the best financing options for the acquisition of properties. This partnership facilitates access to real estate credit, ensuring customer support throughout the process of obtaining financing. ​ 11. Buying a property is an important moment and involves several steps that must be followed to guarantee the security and legality of the transaction. The main steps to make this purchase safely include: 11.1. Define the budget: Before starting the search for a property, it is essential to define the amount you are willing to invest, taking into account additional costs, such as fees and taxes. 11.2. Research the real estate market: Research available properties on the market, considering factors such as location, size, infrastructure and price. Visit properties of interest to assess their conditions. 11.3. Check the property documentation: It is essential to request the complete documentation of the property, such as property registration, debt clearance certificates and updated registration. A specialized lawyer can assist in this verification. 11.4. Carry out the negotiation: After finding the desired property, negotiate the terms of purchase with the seller, including price, terms and payment conditions. It is important to record these negotiations in a contract. 11.5. Carry out due diligence: At this stage, it is recommended to hire specialized professionals who can verify the legal, tax and financial situation of the property, ensuring that there are no hidden problems. 11.6. Formalize the purchase: With the negotiation concluded, it is necessary to formalize the purchase through a purchase and sale agreement, which must be registered in a notary. 11.7. Make the payment: Make the payment as established in the contract, always safely, preferably by bank transfer. 11.8. Transfer of ownership: After payment, it is necessary to register the transfer of ownership with a notary, ensuring that the property is in the name of the buyer. Following these steps provides legal security, minimizing and avoiding future problems. It is important to have the advice of a lawyer specialized in real estate law, such as Ferreira Advocacia, to guide and ensure that all legal aspects are duly observed during the purchase process.