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In this article, we’ll break down four key aspects of judicial auctions to offer a clear understanding of their implications, specifically concerning purchase rights, the liability of the auctioneer and judiciary, protections for family property, and hidden defects in auctioned real estate. Addressing each point in order, we’ll examine the main aspects of this relationship, what buyers should consider, and the existing guarantees and limitations to ensure a transparent and fair judicial auction process. Purchasing property through judicial auctions has become common, whether for investors seeking potential deals or buyers interested in lower prices. However, this purchase method involves specific risks that need careful consideration, both regarding the buyer’s protections and the rights of the debtor (original owner) during the execution process. 1.       The Origin of Execution and Auction Process Judicial auctions generally stem from various types of debt, such as non-payment of sale agreements, mortgages, unpaid rent, bank debts, or failure to meet fiduciary obligations. Throughout the process, the property is seized to secure debt repayment. Until the moment of the auction, the debtor still has options to challenge the execution, dispute any faults, or negotiate debt repayment, which can stop or suspend the auction. This initial context is essential for buyers, who must be aware that a successful judicial auction depends on proper legal procedures, clear reasoning for the seizure, and the judiciary’s adherence to transparency obligations.   2.       Legal Protections for Buyers and Guarantees in Judicial Auctions The Brazilian legal system, through the Civil Procedure Code, establishes several protections to safeguard buyers in judicial auctions, mainly ensuring they don’t inherit hidden debts or procedural irregularities along with the property. Key protections include: Guarantee of Publicity and Transparency:  The auction notice must contain complete information about the property, including any liens, tax debts (IPTU), association fees, or other financial obligations impacting the buyer. Buyers are entitled to access this information and should carefully review the notice to avoid unforeseen surprises. Guarantee of Possession and Enjoyment:  After the auction, the winning bidder acquires full possession rights of the property. However, if the property is occupied by the debtor or third parties, the buyer might need to file a possession lawsuit or an eviction process, which could involve additional time and costs. This is critical as it directly affects the planning and use of the property post-purchase. Responsibility for Registration of Transfer:  After winning the auction, the buyer must formally register the property in their name. While this process solidifies ownership, the buyer should be aware of potential appeals by the debtor, which could delay or complicate the registration completion. 3.       Debtor Rights and Mechanisms for Ensuring a Fair Auction The original owner, or debtor, also retains certain rights under the law. For instance, the debtor can request suspension or annulment of the auction if procedural faults are identified, such as lack of proper notification, insufficient publicity, or flaws in property evaluation. These rights aim to ensure that the process is conducted fairly and follows the principles of due legal process. If the debtor identifies irregularities, they may seek judicial annulment of the auction, which can affect the buyer, potentially depriving them of the property after the auction’s completion. Therefore, buyers need to understand that successful property acquisition depends on an auction free from procedural faults and irregularities. 4.       Debtor Appeals and Their Impacts on the Buyer Throughout the process, the debtor may file appeals or take legal action to challenge the execution or even the auction itself. Accepted appeals can lead to auction suspension or annulment if irregularities are proven. Buyers should be mindful of potential delays and uncertainties arising from this, considering the direct impact on their property occupancy and usage timeline. 5.       Procedures for Annulment and Refunds to the Buyer  If the auction is annulled, the buyer is entitled to a refund for payments made. However, the refund process can be lengthy and involve disputes, particularly if there are questions about the auction’s validity. Brazilian law mandates reimbursement for the buyer in cases of annulment, though under some circumstances, the buyer might need to pursue judicial action to secure the full refund.     6.       Risks and Guarantees for the Winning Bidder in Cases of Defects and Outstanding Debts When acquiring a property through judicial auction, buyers assume responsibility for existing debts tied to the property, except for personal debts of the debtor, like labor or other non-property-related liabilities. Nevertheless, buyers can request removal of certain liens or encumbrances on the property’s registry if the debt isn’t directly linked to the property itself.Furthermore, if a buyer uncovers irregularities in the property after the purchase, they may seek damages, including lost profits and material damages. Compensation for moral damages may also be warranted if a violation of fundamental buyer rights is proven. Conclusion:   While judicial auctions present unique opportunities for acquiring real estate at competitive prices, they come with a series of risks that buyers must carefully analyze. Legal and case law protections exist to safeguard buyers, yet the process depends on transparency, and buyers should remain vigilant at each auction stage, regarding outstanding encumbrances and debtor appeals. On the other hand, the debtor, who faces property loss due to debt, has rights ensuring procedural fairness, including the right to seek auction annulment if procedural faults or flaws in the execution process are identified. Buyers, aware of these factors, should take a diligent approach, investigating the origin of the execution, the property’s condition, and available guarantees to ensure the auction proceeds within legal boundaries and with legal security. In this way, when purchasing a property through a judicial auction, it is essential that the buyer conducts a comprehensive risk assessment and leverages available legal resources to protect their investment, ideally with the guidance of a real estate law specialist, while the debtor exercises their right to a defense to ensure a just and transparent process.

Real estate partnerships between builders and landowners are widely used in Brazil as a means to enable construction projects, optimize property usage, and ensure profit for both parties. However, such arrangements can present significant risks to third-party buyers of "pre-construction" properties. The issue becomes even more serious when the builder, to finance the project, offers the land and development as collateral for a mortgage with financial institutions or when it becomes involved in legal disputes resulting in liens on the property. This article provides a comprehensive reflection on the legal risks faced by buyers in these scenarios, the rights assured by law and jurisprudence, and the builder’s responsibility to ensure the regularization of properties. The analysis is based on legal and jurisprudential perspectives, especially in light of the Superior Court of Justice (STJ) Precedent 308, which protects buyers from mortgages established by the builder. The Context of Real Estate Partnerships and Risks to Buyers In a real estate partnership, the landowner transfers their property to the builder, who is responsible for developing the project, obtaining necessary approvals, carrying out construction, and selling the units. The builder often needs financial resources for the construction and therefore takes bank loans, offering the land and the development under construction as collateral. In this scenario, the builder not only used the land and project as mortgage collateral but also faced civil and labor lawsuits that resulted in liens on the property. This situation poses numerous complications for the buyer, who, even after fully paying for the purchased unit, is unable to obtain property regularization due to liens registered on the title deed. The buyer is left vulnerable, as the property is encumbered by the builder’s debts to third parties, from which they had no involvement. Protection for the Good-Faith Buyer: STJ Precedent 308 The Brazilian legal system, aware of the inherent risks in buying pre-construction properties, provides mechanisms to protect good-faith buyers. The main reference in this regard is STJ Precedent 308, which states: "A mortgage agreed upon between the builder and the financial institution, whether prior or subsequent to the purchase and sale agreement, is not enforceable against buyers of the respective properties." This precedent aims to protect buyers from mortgages agreed upon between the builder and financial institutions, ensuring that the property is delivered free of such liens after payment is complete. In practice, it means that the mortgage cannot be enforced against the buyer, who has the right to receive the property free of encumbrances, regardless of agreements made by the builder with third parties. However, practical application of this protection is not always immediate. In the specific case, although the buyer fully paid for the property, the builder claims difficulties in removing the mortgage, justifying that it depends on authorization from the financial institution. Furthermore, the liens resulting from other legal actions against the builder have further complicated the situation. Builder’s Responsibilities and Available Legal Measures When entering into purchase and sale agreements with third parties, the builder assumes the responsibility to deliver the properties free of any encumbrances. This includes the obligation to remove mortgages and liens affecting the purchased units. However, in many cases, builders face financial difficulties that compromise the regularization of properties and expose buyers to significant risks. In such cases, the buyer may file a specific performance action, requesting judicially that the liens preventing the regularization of the property be removed. Even with a daily fine (astreintes) for non-compliance with the obligation, enforcement may prove ineffective. In response to the builder’s inaction, the buyer may also consider other measures, such as filing for the builder’s bankruptcy, which could lead to the liquidation of its assets and payment of creditors, including the buyer. Although the builder may avoid bankruptcy by paying the fines, the property’s regularization often remains pending due to claimed financial hardship. Risks and Guarantees for Buyers: Good Faith and Third-Party Liens Another relevant aspect of the case is the lien resulting from civil and labor lawsuits filed against the builder. Although the buyer has no direct relationship with these debts, the property they purchased ended up being affected by such measures, which is a common occurrence with companies facing multiple lawsuits. At this point, the buyer may file a third-party objection to seek exclusion of the lien, demonstrating that they acquired the property in good faith and that it should not be encumbered by the builder’s debts. Additionally, they may seek compensation for material and moral damages due to the delay in property regularization. The buyer’s good faith, supported by STJ Precedent 308, is an essential factor for their legal protection. However, in practice, enforcement of their rights often depends on legal actions and the builder’s financial ability to settle its debts, which frequently prolongs the litigation. Conclusion The complexity of real estate transactions involving partnerships between builders and landowners underscores the importance of adequate financial and legal management to prevent good-faith buyers from being harmed by the builder’s debts and obligations. While STJ Precedent 308 provides crucial protection, its practical application may encounter barriers when multiple liens exist on the property, necessitating a more assertive judicial approach from buyers. It is crucial for buyers, before acquiring a pre-construction property, to thoroughly investigate the builder’s financial situation, check for existing mortgages and other guarantees, and, if necessary, include contractual clauses offering greater security regarding property regularization after payment. In court, actions such as specific performance, third-party objections, and compensation claims are tools that can assist buyers in defending their rights. The builder’s responsibility is clear: to deliver the property free of encumbrances. When this does not occur, the buyer has the right to compensation and full regularization of their property.

Trespassing on another's property, whether through usurpation or ouster, entails a range of legal implications, particularly concerning the right of possession and compensation for damages caused. In Brazil, the protection of property rights is enshrined in the Federal Constitution and Civil Code, which provide mechanisms for defending and compensating for losses caused by third parties who wrongfully take possession of someone else's property. Fundamental Concepts: Usurpation and Ouster Usurpation occurs when someone unlawfully occupies a property, altering its purpose and benefiting from its advantages without any rightful claim. A typical example is the unauthorized extraction of natural resources or economic exploitation of property belonging to someone else. In contrast, ouster is characterized by the violent or clandestine removal of the legitimate possessor from a property, resulting in the direct loss of possession of the property. This conduct involves the use of force or deceit, preventing the rightful owner or possessor from exercising their rights over the property. Legal Protection of Property The right to property, constitutionally protected under Article 5, Clause XXII of the Federal Constitution, is upheld by Brazilian law. The Civil Code (Law No. 10.406/2002), in Article 1.228, grants the owner the right to use, enjoy, and dispose of the property, as well as the right to reclaim it from anyone wrongfully possessing or holding it. Additionally, the Civil Code provides for the defense of possession through possessory actions, such as the interdito proibitório  (Article 932), actions for the maintenance of possession, and actions for the reinstatement of possession (Article 926). In cases of ouster, the main procedural tool is the reinstatement of possession action, which aims to restore the possessor's rights by removing the trespasser. Compensation for Usurpation and Ouster Trespassing may give rise to the obligation to compensate the property owner for the losses suffered. In cases of usurpation, the responsible party must repair the material damages caused, such as the value of the fruits (products or income from the property), along with any other losses and damages arising from the unauthorized occupation. In cases of ouster, compensation may include not only material damages but also moral damages, given the violation of possession and the disturbance caused by the loss of peaceful enjoyment of the property. Brazilian jurisprudence has shown a favorable stance toward compensation in such cases. The Superior Court of Justice (STJ) has established the understanding that in situations involving trespass and unauthorized exploitation of property, the owner is entitled to proportional compensation for the period of unlawful possession, including lost profits and loss of use of the property. In some cases, moral damages are also recognized, especially when a grave violation of the owner's fundamental rights is proven. Legal Procedures and Possessory Actions An owner or possessor who has had their property trespassed upon may resort to possessory actions to recover the property and seek compensation for damages. In cases of ouster, a reinstatement of possession action should be filed under Articles 926 and following of the Code of Civil Procedure. This action aims to restore possession to the legitimate possessor and may be accompanied by a request for an injunction for immediate eviction of the trespasser. Ouster and usurpation may also constitute criminal offenses, as the crime of possessory ouster is provided for in Article 161 of the Penal Code, which prescribes detention for those who, through violence or threats, invade another’s property. Conclusion Trespassing on another’s property, whether by usurpation or ouster, is a direct violation of the fundamental right to property. Brazilian law provides effective instruments for protecting these rights, whether through possessory actions or damage compensation. Compensation to the affected property owner is a right guaranteed by law and jurisprudence, aiming to restore the losses caused by the trespass and to ensure the individual’s property rights are preserved.

The concept of possession is extensively addressed in Brazilian civil law, encompassing various aspects related to property, contractual relations, and possessory rights. In the context of real estate transactions, the issue of possession compensation arises when the buyer cannot exercise the rights to use, enjoy, and benefit from the acquired property. This article aims to discuss the legal nature of possession compensation within the scope of sale and purchase contracts, exploring the rights to use, enjoy, and benefit and the circumstances under which the possessor or buyer may claim compensation when unable to fully exercise these rights. Possession and Property: Key Distinctions Possession, as defined by Article 1.196 of the Civil Code, is the exercise, whether fully or partially, of some of the powers inherent to property ownership. Unlike property ownership, which grants the owner full rights over the asset (to use, enjoy, dispose, and recover it), possession is a factual situation that can receive legal protection, especially when good faith possession is established. In real estate transactions, the buyer, upon taking possession of the property, should be guaranteed the right to use it, enjoy its fruits, and benefit from the economic and social advantages that ownership or possession of that property can provide. However, there are situations in which, due to factual or legal issues, the buyer or possessor cannot fully exercise these rights, which may give rise to the right to compensation. Use, Enjoyment, and Benefit: The Buyer’s Rights A purchase and sale contract is governed by Articles 481 and following of the Civil Code. When a buyer acquires real estate, they expect to take possession of the property and exercise the rights inherent to that condition, which include: Use : The right to use the property for their needs or according to its intended purpose (e.g., to live in the property or use it for commercial purposes). Enjoyment : The right to receive direct or indirect fruits from the property, such as rental income or natural produce (like crops in the case of rural properties). Benefit : The right to economically exploit the property and derive income from it. When the buyer is unable to exercise any of these rights due to some impediment, it raises the question of liability for damage compensation. Cases of Compensation for Loss or Restriction of Possession Possession-related compensation can arise in various situations, such as: Eviction : Eviction occurs when the buyer loses the property due to a judicial decision recognizing the existence of a prior right held by a third party over the property. In this case, the buyer is entitled to be compensated by the seller, as provided in Articles 447 to 457 of the Civil Code. The seller is responsible for ensuring the buyer's full exercise of possession, and eviction creates the right to reimbursement of the purchase price as well as potential losses and damages. Impediment to Use and Enjoyment : If the buyer takes possession of the property but, due to factual issues, cannot use it according to its purpose (e.g., due to the presence of unlawful occupants or third parties who impede its use), they may claim compensation for the inability to use and enjoy the property. In these cases, compensation is intended to compensate the possessor for the period in which they were deprived of the benefits of possession, such as the inability to live in the property or rent it out. Delay in Delivery of the Property : In off-plan or under-construction real estate transactions, delays in property delivery are common. Such delays, in addition to causing material damages (such as rental expenses and maintenance of another property), also deprive the buyer of their rights to possession, use, enjoyment, and benefit, which may entitle them to compensation for the damages incurred. Bad-Faith Possession : If a possessor acquires possession in bad faith, i.e., knowing the property does not legitimately belong to them, they are not entitled to compensation for improvements or additions made to the property. However, the legitimate owner may claim compensation for the unauthorized occupation of the property and the damages resulting from its unauthorized use. Right to Compensation: Nature and Criteria When discussing compensation for the loss or restriction of possession, some key aspects are considered: Good Faith of the Possessor : A good-faith possessor who is deprived of the rights to use, enjoy, and benefit is entitled to compensation, whether due to eviction or inability to fully exercise their possession. Good faith assumes that the possessor was unaware of any defect or issue that could compromise their possession. Loss and Damage : Compensation should cover the material losses suffered by the possessor, including the amount they were unable to obtain due to deprivation of use and enjoyment of the property, as well as any expenses incurred in renting another property during the period of restriction. Value of the Fruits : If the possessor was prevented from enjoying the fruits of the property, such as rental income or earnings derived from property use, they may claim the return of these amounts, regardless of their good faith. Conclusion Possession compensation in the context of real estate transactions is directly related to the buyer's right to fully exercise the powers inherent to ownership, such as using, enjoying, and benefiting from the property. When these rights are restricted due to factual or legal issues, the buyer may seek compensation for damages, whether through eviction or practical impediments affecting their possession. The good faith of the possessor is a central criterion for awarding compensation, and the calculation of damages must consider both the direct losses and the benefits the possessor was unable to obtain during the period in which they were deprived of possession rights.

In Brazilian law, it is essential to distinguish between two legal concepts that, although both may involve financial payments, have entirely different legal natures, purposes, and prerequisites: alimony and compensation for infraction. These two mechanisms apply to different situations and have objectives that reflect various aspects of the legal relationships between the parties involved. This article aims to clarify the conceptual and practical differences between alimony and compensation for infraction, highlighting the main legal aspects that govern these two concepts. Alimony Alimony is a legal duty to provide material assistance to someone who cannot support themselves. It generally arises within family relationships, being most common in the context of separations, divorces, and dissolutions of stable unions, as well as in parent-child relationships. It is regulated by the Civil Code (Law No. 10.406/2002) and the Alimony Law (Law No. 5.478/1968). Alimony is intended to ensure the subsistence of the person in need, and it may cover expenses related to: Food; Education; Health; Clothing; Housing; and Leisure. The basis of alimony lies in the principle of family solidarity, which mandates that family members must support those who, due to incapacity, cannot support themselves. It is a right primarily guaranteed to children, adolescents, spouses or ex-spouses, and even relatives in a direct or collateral line, depending on the circumstances. The amount of alimony is determined according to the principle of proportionality, taking into account the needs of the recipient and the payer’s financial ability, always aiming to maintain a decent standard of living for the beneficiary. Therefore, alimony is a continuous and lasting obligation, as long as the necessity and the financial capability of the parties remain.   Compensation for Infraction Compensation for infraction, on the other hand, has a completely different nature. It arises as a consequence of harm caused to another party, either by an unlawful act (e.g., traffic accident, defamation, or violation of rights) or by the breach of contractual or legal obligations. The objective of compensation is to compensate the victim for the harm suffered and to restore them to the state prior to the damaging event. Compensation is provided for under Articles 927 and following of the Civil Code, which establishes that "one who, by an unlawful act (Articles 186 and 187), causes harm to another is obliged to repair it." Unlike alimony, which has a continuous assistance character, compensation aims to offset a specific loss, which may be material (property damage) or moral. The main types of compensable damage are: Material damage : economic loss, such as property loss, medical expenses, vehicle repair, or loss of profits. Moral damage : compensation for suffering, pain, humiliation, or psychological distress caused to the victim. Compensation for infraction can be established either through judicial proceedings or extrajudicial agreements, always aiming to restore the balance disrupted by the injurious act. The amount of compensation is calculated based on the extent of the harm, generally without periodic payments as in alimony, except in cases where the damage has lasting effects, such as permanent disability resulting from an accident. Main Differences Legal Nature : Alimony arises from the duty of family solidarity, being an obligation of assistance. Compensation for infraction results from the need to repair damages caused by an unlawful act or breach of duties. Purpose : Alimony aims to support the beneficiary’s subsistence and well-being, ensuring them an adequate standard of living. Compensation for infraction seeks to offset or repair a loss suffered by the victim of a harmful act, restoring them to their previous condition.   Determination Criteria : Alimony is set based on the recipient's need and the payer’s capacity, following the need-capacity criteria. Compensation for infraction is calculated based on the extent of the damage suffered by the victim, whether material or moral. Periodicity : Alimony is generally continuous and periodic until the conditions of necessity and capacity end. Compensation for infraction is usually a one-time payment, although in exceptional cases it may be paid in installments if the damage has ongoing effects. Origin of the Obligation : Alimony arises from family, marital, or parental relationships. Compensation for infraction arises from an unlawful act or the breach of contractual or legal obligations. Conclusion The distinction between alimony and compensation for infraction is clear regarding the nature and function of each concept. While alimony is based on the duty of mutual assistance among family members and aims to provide for those who cannot support themselves, compensation for infraction is a reparative mechanism intended to offset losses resulting from damages caused by unlawful acts or contractual breaches. Both concepts are of great importance in civil law, but they operate in different contexts and carry their own legal implications. Understanding the differences between them is essential for the appropriate application of the law in situations involving an obligation to pay another person, whether as assistance or as compensation for harm caused.

Property rights in Brazil are extensively regulated by the Civil Code, which also governs situations where third parties or possessors make interventions on others’ property, such as accessions and improvements. These interventions, which can range from minor upgrades to substantial modifications, raise important legal questions, particularly regarding the nature of possession—whether in good faith or bad faith—and the right to indemnification or retention. This article aims to explore the legal treatment given to accessions and improvements made by good-faith and bad-faith possessors, highlighting the differences in recognition of rights and obligations. Concept of Accessions and Improvements Accessions are permanent incorporations to a property, which can occur naturally (such as the addition of land through alluvium) or artificially (as in man-made constructions). Improvements, on the other hand, refer to interventions that enhance, preserve, or increase the value of the property. They are classified as: Necessary improvements : aimed at conserving or preventing the deterioration of the property. Useful improvements : increase the property’s utility. Luxurious improvements : meant solely for beautification or leisure, without enhancing utility. The legal treatment of improvements and accessions depends on the nature of the possession, which can be in good faith or bad faith. Good Faith and Bad Faith Possessor: Legal Definition The Civil Code, in Article 1.201, defines a good-faith possessor as one who is unaware of any defects or obstacles that could compromise their right to possess, genuinely believing they have the right to use and dispose of the property. Conversely, a bad-faith possessor is aware that their possession is irregular or illegitimate, meaning they know they are possessing something without legal backing. The distinction between good faith and bad faith is crucial in determining the treatment of accessions and improvements, especially regarding the right to retention, indemnification, and the obligation to return the property to its rightful owner. Rights of the Good Faith Possessor Regarding Accessions and Improvements The good-faith possessor, according to the Civil Code, is afforded significant protection regarding improvements made to the property. Article 1.219 states that the good-faith possessor has the right to be indemnified for necessary and useful improvements made to the property. Additionally, they have the right to retention until they are compensated for the value of the improvements, and may refuse to deliver the property to the owner until the corresponding amount is paid. Luxurious improvements may be removed by the good-faith possessor, provided that their removal does not damage the property’s structure. This ensures that the good-faith possessor can recover items that did not increase the utility or conservation of the property but served only for their pleasure or comfort. Moreover, accessions made by the good-faith possessor are also their property, following the principle that improvements were made under the legitimate belief that they were the owner or that their right to possess was fully protected. Rights of the Bad Faith Possessor Regarding Accessions and Improvements The bad-faith possessor faces more restrictive treatment regarding improvements and accessions. According to Article 1.220 of the Civil Code, the bad-faith possessor is entitled only to indemnification for necessary improvements and cannot claim compensation for useful or luxurious improvements. Furthermore, they do not have the right to retain the property and must return it to the rightful owner without resistance, regardless of any investments made in the property. In the case of luxurious improvements, the bad-faith possessor, like the good-faith possessor, may remove them, provided their removal does not damage the property. However, the greatest restriction imposed on the bad-faith possessor is the lack of any right to retain the property, aiming to discourage unlawful possession and favor the legitimate owner. Exceptions and Case Law Although legislation is clear regarding the rights of good-faith and bad-faith possessors, case law has addressed specific cases that challenge this distinction. In certain situations, courts have softened the strictness of the rule, for example, by recognizing the good faith of a possessor who made significant improvements but, due to procedural or documentary issues, was deemed to be in bad faith. Another important aspect involves protecting a third party acting in good faith who, without knowledge of the property’s legal situation, made substantial accessions or useful improvements. In such cases, case law tends to recognize the right to indemnification as a means of preserving legal certainty and ensuring that the third party does not suffer losses for relying on the appearance of legitimate possession. Conclusion The distinction between good-faith and bad-faith possessors is fundamental in determining the rights and obligations related to accessions and improvements on a property. The good-faith possessor is broadly protected by legislation, with rights to indemnification and retention, while the bad-faith possessor faces severe limitations in recovering their investment in the property. This distinction promotes good faith in possession relations and protects the legitimate owner, while recognizing investments made legitimately by individuals believing they had rights to the property.

Lease agreements are widely used in Brazil to regulate relationships between landlords and tenants, especially in the real estate sector. One of the central elements that can arise in this contract is the figure of the guarantor, who assumes responsibility for ensuring the tenant's obligations are fulfilled. This article aims to analyze the guarantor’s responsibility in the leasing context, highlighting the legal foundations, limits of their liability, and situations that may lead to their release, based on current legislation and applicable case law. Legal Foundations of the Guarantee in Lease Agreements According to the Brazilian Civil Code, the guarantor is the party who, through a guarantee contract, ensures compliance with a primary obligation assumed by the tenant. In the context of urban leases, this relationship is also regulated by Law No. 8,245/1991 (Tenancy Law), which, in Article 37, provides for the inclusion of contractual guarantees, such as the guaranty, to secure the payment of rent and lease-related expenses. By accepting the role of guarantor, the person or entity assumes joint responsibility for the tenant's obligations, which means that if the tenant fails to fulfill their obligations, the landlord may directly require the guarantor to pay the debt. Extent of the Guarantor’s Responsibility The guarantor’s responsibility is broad and covers not only unpaid rent but also additional charges, such as condominium fees, contractual fines, and court costs, provided these are expressly stated in the lease agreement. The Superior Court of Justice (STJ) has established that the guarantor can be held responsible for all obligations arising from the lease contract, as long as they are expressly stipulated. However, the guarantor's responsibility must respect the agreed-upon limits. This means they are only liable for what is specifically stated in the guaranty contract. If the contract does not clearly define the scope of their responsibility, the courts tend to interpret it restrictively, limiting the guarantor’s obligation to the principal payments. Waiver of the Benefit of Excusion In general, the guarantor may invoke the benefit of excusion, as provided in Article 827 of the Civil Code, to require the landlord to first execute the tenant's assets before holding them liable. However, this prerogative can be expressly waived in the guaranty contract. In cases where this waiver is made, the guarantor can be directly pursued by the landlord without the need to exhaust efforts to collect from the tenant. Guaranty Extension and the Tenancy Law Article 39 of the Tenancy Law introduces an important point: the automatic extension of the guaranty if the lease agreement is extended for an indefinite period. If the guarantor does not express their intention to be released, their responsibility remains in effect, even after the original term of the contract ends. This has generated extensive legal debate, as many guarantors end up being surprised by the continuation of their obligations under contracts extended indefinitely. Release of the Guarantor There are some situations that allow the guarantor to be released, thereby ending their responsibility. One of the primary ways for release is the termination of the lease agreement, which automatically concludes the guarantor’s obligations. Another means occurs when the guarantor states their intention not to continue guaranteeing a contract extended for an indefinite period, in accordance with Article 40 of the Tenancy Law. In this case, the guarantor remains liable for an additional 120 days from the date of notification to the landlord. Furthermore, substantial changes to the lease agreement without the guarantor’s consent may also result in their release, as established by STJ case law. This includes, for example, significant changes in the rent amount or contract duration. Guarantor’s Responsibility in Cases of Death and Divorce In the event of the guarantor's death, their heirs may be called upon to fulfill obligations up to the amount of the inherited estate, following general principles of Civil Law. In divorce situations, if the guaranty was provided by one spouse, the responsibility may continue to fall on the guarantor, except if a specific clause to the contrary exists in the guaranty contract. Conclusion The guarantor’s responsibility in lease agreements is a complex topic that is widely regulated by Brazilian legislation and case law. Although the guarantor plays a crucial role in securing lease relationships, they also assume significant risks in accepting this responsibility. It is essential for guaranty contracts to be clearly drafted, outlining the guarantor's obligations, and for the guarantor to be fully aware of the legal implications of their commitment.

Fiduciary alienation is a widely used legal mechanism in financing contracts in Brazil, particularly to ensure the fulfillment of obligations in the real estate and vehicle sectors. In a fiduciary alienation agreement, the debtor transfers the resolvable ownership of the financed asset to the creditor, retaining direct possession until the debt is fully paid. However, failure to make payments can result in severe measures by the creditor company, such as the consolidation of ownership and the subsequent sale of the asset. This article examines the civil liability of the creditor company in fiduciary alienation, focusing on debtor default and the limits imposed by Brazilian legislation, including Law No. 9,514/1997 and the Consumer Defense Code (CDC). The analysis explores the company's obligations during the enforcement of the collateral and possible abuses that may lead to liability for moral and material damages. 1. Fiduciary Alienation as Collateral Fiduciary alienation entered Brazilian law with Law No. 4.728/1965, regulating fiduciary alienation of movable assets. Later, Law No. 9.514/1997 expanded its application to real estate. This legal instrument aims to provide greater security to creditors in financing contracts by transferring the resolvable ownership of the financed asset to the creditor until the debtor fulfills their obligations. During this period, the debtor maintains direct possession of the asset with the right to use it. In cases of default, the creditor may consolidate full ownership of the asset and proceed with the sale to cover the debt. However, this process must follow the strict steps set forth in legislation to balance the interests of both creditor and debtor. 2. Default and Its Consequences for the Debtor When the debtor fails to meet their payment obligations, the creditor company may initiate the fiduciary alienation process, which follows these steps: Debtor Notification : Article 26 of Law No. 9.514/1997 requires the creditor to notify the defaulting debtor, giving them 15 days to settle the debt. Notification may be made via a notary or mail, following legal parameters. Consolidation of Ownership : If the debtor does not pay the debt within the stipulated period, the creditor may consolidate ownership of the asset in their name, as provided by law. Sale of the Asset : After consolidation, the asset must be sold through a public auction, with the proceeds used to settle the debt and any excess funds returned to the debtor. This fiduciary alienation process provides the creditor with expeditious guarantees but can also lead to legal implications for the company if there is any abuse of rights or disregard for the fundamental principles of good faith and transparency. 3. Civil Liability of the Company The creditor company’s civil liability can arise at various stages of the fiduciary alienation process, especially when legal obligations are not met or when the debtor's rights are unduly harmed. Inadequate Notification : Failing to properly notify the debtor of the default and debt enforcement may be considered a serious violation. The company can be held civilly liable if it does not fulfill the legal requirements to clearly inform the debtor within the established deadlines. Excessive Collection Practices : If the creditor company engages in abusive collection practices, such as harassment or coercion, it may be liable for moral damages under the Consumer Defense Code. Debt collection must occur within legal and ethical standards. Irregularities in the Auction of the Asset : If the asset is sold at significantly below-market prices or in conditions unfavorable to the debtor, the company may be accused of bad faith. Furthermore, the outstanding balance cannot be excessively increased with disproportionate interest and charges, or the company risks liability. 4. The Consumer Defense Code and Debtor Protection The Consumer Defense Code (CDC) plays a fundamental role in protecting the debtor, who is considered the weaker party relative to the creditor company. In the context of fiduciary alienation, the CDC imposes limits on corporate behavior, prohibiting abusive practices and ensuring transparency and balance in contractual relations. Key protections provided by the CDC include: Adequate Information : The company must provide clear and accurate information to the debtor about the contract conditions, the consequences of default, and the collateral enforcement process. Prohibition of Abusive Practices : Debt collection must be conducted ethically and respectfully, and any abusive practice that causes embarrassment or threatens the debtor is prohibited. Violating these guarantees can result in the company’s liability for material and moral damages if the debtor proves harm caused by inappropriate conduct. Conclusion The civil liability of companies in fiduciary alienation is a highly relevant topic, especially given the consequences of default in financing contracts. While legislation provides creditors with effective mechanisms to ensure fulfillment of obligations, the enforcement process must respect the debtor's rights and adhere to the limits established by the Consumer Defense Code. Irregularities such as lack of proper notification, abusive collection practices, or fraudulent auctions may result in the company’s civil liability, requiring it to act with transparency, good faith, and compliance with the law. Thus, maintaining a balance between creditors and debtors is essential to ensuring legal security and avoiding unnecessary litigation.

This article examines the concept of good faith in real estate transactions, exploring the legal guarantees provided by Brazilian law to the good-faith purchaser and the risks they may face. Legislation, particularly the Civil Code and the Public Records Law, establishes protective mechanisms for buyers who, despite acting with due diligence, may encounter hidden defects, fraud, or irregularities. The analysis also discusses the role of the Superior Court of Justice (STJ) in consolidating protection for the purchaser, especially in situations where there is a conflict between third-party rights and a buyer who acted transparently and ethically. The real estate market, especially in Brazil, is one of the most dynamic and complex areas of property law. In a realm of high-value transactions and often extended timelines, legal security is essential to uphold the rights of the parties involved. The good-faith purchaser, who acts diligently and carefully when acquiring a property, is one of the key subjects protected by legislation. However, the complexity of real estate acquisitions often entails potential fraud, irregular documents, or hidden encumbrances, which can cause significant harm to the buyer. This article aims to analyze the protection mechanisms for the good-faith purchaser in real estate transactions, in light of the Civil Code, the Public Records Law, and the jurisprudence of the Superior Court of Justice. It also discusses the risks that the buyer may face, even when acting diligently, and how legislation addresses these challenges. 1. The Concept of Good Faith in Real Estate Transactions In Brazilian law, the principle of good faith is central to legal protection in contracts and transactions, including the real estate market. It takes two forms: Subjective good faith : This is the purchaser's belief that they are acting correctly and that there are no obstacles or hidden defects in the transaction. Objective good faith : This is ethical conduct based on mutual trust, transparency, and loyalty between the parties. In real estate transactions, the purchaser’s good faith is recognized when they take all reasonable steps to ensure the transaction is legitimate, such as examining certificates, checking property records, and verifying the seller's credibility. Article 422 of the Civil Code reinforces the requirement to observe good faith throughout contract execution and completion. Additionally, Article 1.201 of the Brazilian Civil Code protects possession in good faith, presuming that someone who acquires possession of a property based on a legitimate title is unaware of any flaws that might invalidate the transaction. 2. Protection Mechanisms for the Good-Faith Purchaser Brazilian law provides various mechanisms to protect the good-faith purchaser in real estate transactions. The main forms of protection are analyzed below: 2.1. Public Registry Transparency and the Presumption of Veracity The Public Records Law (Law No. 6.015/1973) establishes that real estate registration is the formal act that makes the property’s legal status public. In other words, property ownership is only transferred through the registration of the purchase title in the real estate registry, as provided in Article 1.245 of the Civil Code. This registration is essential to ensure the purchaser’s good faith, as they can rely on the publicly recorded information. The public registry protects the purchaser by conferring a presumption of veracity and legal security to the transaction. If, upon consulting the registry, the buyer finds no irregularity, they can conclude that the property is free and unencumbered, with their good faith presumed. The real estate registry fulfills the role of providing public knowledge of the property’s legal status, serving as one of the main guarantees of legal security. 2.2. Protection Against Fraud and Hidden Defects Even when taking the necessary precautions, a good-faith purchaser may encounter fraud or hidden defects that compromise the transaction. Article 1.201 of the Civil Code ensures that a good-faith possessor is not held responsible for unknown frauds at the time of acquisition. If, for example, the seller concealed the existence of debts, encumbrances, or legal disputes on the property, the buyer has the right to request annulment of the purchase or compensation for damages. In these cases, the jurisprudence of the Superior Court of Justice (STJ) has played a significant role in protecting the good-faith purchaser. The STJ has ruled in numerous cases that a diligent buyer, who has observed all necessary precautions, cannot be prejudiced by third-party fraud. In conflicts between third-party rights and the purchaser’s good faith, the judiciary tends to protect those who acted according to the rules, based on the principle of trust. 2.3. Cancellation of Fraudulent Registrations When fraud occurs in the property registry, such as a sale by a non-owner or forged documents, the good-faith purchaser can request the cancellation of the registration in court. According to Article 214 of the Public Records Law, cancellation of the registration may be requested in cases of error or fraud, and if the good-faith buyer has duly registered the purchase title, they have a strong chance of having their right protected. It is important to note that a prior registration obtained fraudulently cannot prevail over the legitimate title of a good-faith purchaser who registered correctly under the law. The STJ’s jurisprudence follows this understanding, recognizing the superior right of the buyer who registered in good faith. 3. Risks Faced by the Good-Faith Purchaser Despite the protection mechanisms offered by legislation, the good-faith purchaser may still face some risks: Ownership disputes : If the seller is not the legitimate owner of the property or there are ownership disputes, the buyer may become involved in legal proceedings. Hidden encumbrances and liens : If the property has hidden encumbrances or liens not disclosed to the buyer, they may lose the property or be held responsible for the debts. Hidden defects : Structural issues with the property, such as construction defects or administrative liabilities, may cause financial losses for the buyer. To mitigate these risks, the purchaser should take all possible precautions, such as requesting encumbrance certificates, verifying the property’s regularity with the registry office, and checking the seller’s fiscal status. Conclusion Protection of the good-faith purchaser is a cornerstone of Brazilian real estate law. The public registry system, together with objective good faith, provides the buyer with legal security in their transactions, especially when they act diligently and transparently. However, fraud and irregularities can still put their rights at risk, requiring adequate support from legislation and jurisprudence. The STJ’s jurisprudence has been clear in protecting the good-faith buyer whenever they have followed the required steps for transaction regularity. Adherence to registry transparency standards, along with fulfillment of contractual obligations, is essential to ensure that the buyer’s rights are upheld, even in the face of fraud or title disputes. Therefore, good faith not only protects the purchaser but also strengthens the legal security of the real estate market.

This article addresses the civil liability of real estate agencies in the mediation of property purchase and sale contracts. Given the central role these companies play in the real estate market, the legal analysis focuses on the obligations, duties, and potential liabilities that fall upon real estate agencies in cases of default, hidden defects, or failures in providing information to buyers and sellers. The article also examines the jurisprudence of the Superior Court of Justice (STJ) on the matter, and discusses the rights and duties of those involved in such contracts. In the real estate market, agencies play a crucial role as intermediaries in property purchase and sale contracts. These companies are responsible for bringing buyers and sellers together, facilitating transactions, and ensuring that all stages of the process are conducted in accordance with current legislation. However, the work of real estate agencies also carries a number of legal responsibilities, particularly concerning civil liability for any damage caused to any of the parties involved. This article aims to analyze the civil liability of real estate agencies in the mediation of property purchase and sale contracts, addressing the main legal aspects involved in this relationship. The analysis includes reviewing contractual obligations, the duty to provide information and transparency, and the legal consequences of breaching these obligations. It also examines the STJ’s jurisprudence, which sets important precedents on the subject, providing a comprehensive overview of the legal implications for real estate agencies. Civil Liability of Real Estate Agencies: Legal Foundations Contractual Obligations and Duties The civil liability of real estate agencies is based on the general principle of liability established by the Brazilian Civil Code (Law No. 10.406/2002). According to Article 186 of the Civil Code, "the one who, by voluntary action or omission, negligence, or imprudence, violates a right and causes harm to another is obliged to repair the damage." In the context of real estate agencies, this liability means that if an agency causes harm to one of the parties involved in the transaction, it may be required to compensate for the damages. Real estate agencies have the following obligations, among others: Duty to Inform : The agency must provide all necessary and relevant information about the property, such as its legal status, existence of liens, environmental issues, and any hidden defects or flaws that could affect the transaction. Duty of Diligence : The agency must act carefully and prudently at all stages of the transaction, verifying the accuracy of the information provided and ensuring compliance with contractual conditions. Duty of Loyalty : The agency must act with transparency and good faith, avoiding behaviors that may harm one party or unduly favor another. Liability for Hidden Defects and Flaws One of the most common aspects of civil liability for real estate agencies relates to hidden defects and flaws in the properties they mediate. According to Article 443 of the Civil Code, "if the thing received under a commutative contract suffers from a hidden defect, the buyer may either reject it or demand a price reduction." The real estate agency can be held liable if it fails to inform the buyer about such defects, especially if it had prior knowledge or if these defects could have been identified through proper diligence. STJ Jurisprudence on Real Estate Agency Liability The Superior Court of Justice (STJ) has established relevant jurisprudence on the civil liability of real estate agencies, particularly in cases where a lack of diligence, transparency, or adequate information has resulted in harm to one of the parties. Jurisprudence Example: Hidden Defects and Joint Liability In several rulings, the STJ has recognized the joint liability of real estate agencies in cases involving hidden defects in the property that were not disclosed to the buyer. The Court has ruled that, even though the primary responsibility lies with the seller, the real estate agency may be co-responsible if it acted negligently in verifying the condition of the property or in providing information. Jurisprudence Example: Duty to Inform and Objective Good Faith Another key aspect of the STJ’s jurisprudence is the duty to inform and the principle of objective good faith that must guide the actions of real estate agencies. In various decisions, the STJ has emphasized that agencies must provide clear and accurate information about the property and the contract, and that the omission or provision of false or incomplete information can result in liability for damages. Legal Effects and Consequences For Real Estate Agencies The civil liability of real estate agencies can result in various legal consequences, including: Compensation for Material and Moral Damages : In cases of non-compliance with contractual or legal obligations, the real estate agency may be ordered to pay compensation for material damages, such as financial losses, and moral damages, where the buyer or seller suffers some form of emotional distress as a result of the transaction. Loss of Credibility and Trust : In addition to financial penalties, the real estate agency may suffer damage to its market reputation, which could negatively affect its future business. For the Contracting Parties The contracting parties, whether buyers or sellers, must remain vigilant about the actions of the real estate agency throughout the purchase and sale process. If they identify any failures or omissions, they may seek compensation for damages from the agency, provided they can prove a causal link between the agency's conduct and the harm suffered. Final Considerations The civil liability of real estate agencies in the mediation of property purchase and sale contracts is a highly relevant topic in real estate law. Given the strategic role these companies play in the market, it is crucial that they act with diligence, transparency, and good faith, fulfilling all legal and contractual obligations. The STJ’s jurisprudence has been rigorous in defending consumers' rights and imposing liability on agencies that fail in their obligations. Therefore, to minimize risks and ensure legal security in transactions, it is essential that real estate agencies adopt compliance practices and strictly follow legal guidelines.

The General Data Protection Law (LGPD) has brought significant changes to various sectors in Brazil, including real estate. This article provides a comprehensive guide on how the LGPD is impacting operations in the real estate sector, addressing the challenges and best practices to ensure compliance. It explores how real estate agencies, developers, construction companies, and independent professionals should handle clients' and partners' personal data—from collection to storage and sharing—as well as the legal implications and penalties for non-compliance. The General Data Protection Law (Law N. 13.709/2018), known as the LGPD, came into force in Brazil in September 2020, establishing a new regulatory framework for personal data protection. Its impact on the real estate sector is profound, as companies in this field handle a large amount of sensitive personal data, including financial and personal information of buyers, tenants, and investors. LGPD compliance is, therefore, essential to avoid sanctions and maintain customer trust. LGPD Fundamentals in the Real Estate Sector LGPD Principles The LGPD is based on fundamental principles such as transparency, security, purpose, and necessity in the collection and processing of personal data. In the real estate sector, these principles must be strictly followed—from obtaining personal information for credit analysis to storing contracts and digital documents. The law requires that personal data be treated transparently and securely, with a specific and legitimate purpose. Personal Data and Sensitive Data In the real estate context, personal data includes information such as name, taxpayer ID (CPF), address, phone number, and bank details. Sensitive data, which requires greater protection, includes information about health, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, and racial origin. Handling this data requires special care, as the LGPD imposes additional restrictions on the collection and processing of sensitive data, allowing it only in specific situations with the explicit consent of the data subject. Impact of the LGPD on Real Estate Operations Data Collection and Consent One of the main challenges of the LGPD for the real estate sector is obtaining and managing consent from data subjects. All personal data collection must be preceded by clear communication regarding the purpose of the information’s use, and consent must be obtained explicitly and documented. For the real estate sector, this means that registration forms, sales contracts, and lease agreements must be revised to include specific consent clauses for data processing. Sharing Data with Third Parties The real estate sector often shares personal data with third parties, such as banks, insurance companies, and law firms, during financing, insurance, and legal advisory processes. The LGPD requires that data sharing be based on legitimate purposes and that the data subject is informed about who their data is shared with and for what purpose. Real estate companies must review their contracts with partners to ensure they are also compliant with the LGPD. Data Storage and Security Another critical aspect of the LGPD is data security in storage. Real estate agencies and construction companies must implement appropriate security measures to protect personal data from unauthorized access, loss, or breaches. This includes the use of encryption, access control, and secure backup procedures. Additionally, companies must ensure that only authorized personnel have access to stored personal data and that it is kept only for the necessary period. Legal Consequences of Non-Compliance with the LGPD Penalties and Sanctions Non-compliance with the LGPD can result in significant penalties, including fines of up to 2% of the company’s annual revenue, capped at R$ 50 million per violation. In addition to fines, the National Data Protection Authority (ANPD) may impose other sanctions, such as suspending the operation of a database or prohibiting data processing until the situation is resolved. For the real estate sector, such sanctions can seriously compromise operations and damage a company's reputation. Civil Liability In addition to administrative penalties, real estate companies may be held civilly liable for damages caused to data subjects as a result of LGPD violations. This includes liability for data breaches, misuse of personal information, or security failures. Civil liability can lead to substantial compensation payments, reinforcing the importance of a robust LGPD compliance program. Best Practices for LGPD Compliance Implementing Privacy Policies One of the first steps toward LGPD compliance is implementing a clear and accessible privacy policy that details how personal data is collected, used, stored, and shared. This policy must be communicated transparently to customers and be available on all company communication channels, including websites and mobile apps. Employee Training and Awareness It is essential that all real estate sector employees, from sales agents to directors, are trained in LGPD compliance. They must be aware of the law’s principles, internal procedures for handling personal data, and the consequences of non-compliance. Regular training programs and awareness campaigns help ensure that all employees understand the importance of data protection and act in compliance with the legislation. Audits and Periodic Reviews Regular audits of data processing procedures are essential to identify and correct any compliance failures. Real estate companies should periodically review their data collection, storage, and sharing practices, as well as review contracts with suppliers and partners. Audits help ensure that the company’s practices align with LGPD requirements and that any non-compliance is addressed promptly. Conclusion The LGPD has brought profound changes to the real estate sector, requiring companies and professionals to quickly adapt to new data protection requirements. LGPD compliance is not only a legal obligation but also an opportunity for real estate companies to strengthen customer trust and stand out in the market. Implementing best practices, raising employee awareness, and conducting periodic audits are essential steps to ensure that real estate operations are conducted safely, transparently, and in compliance with the law.

This article examines the importance of the inspection report in real estate lease agreements, highlighting its role in preventing conflicts between landlords and tenants. It analyzes the function of the report in documenting the property's condition at the beginning and end of the lease, as well as its legal implications in disputes over damages and deposit refunds. The study covers applicable legislation, relevant case law, and provides practical guidance for drafting a comprehensive and legally valid inspection report. The inspection report is an essential document in real estate lease agreements, serving as a detailed record of the property's condition when handed over to the tenant and when returned to the landlord. Its primary purpose is to prevent misunderstandings and disputes regarding the property's state of repair, fostering a safer and more transparent contractual relationship. This article explores the legal importance of the inspection report, focusing on its functions, relevant legislation, and best practices for its drafting. Tenancy Law (Law N. 8.245/1991) The Tenancy Law, which governs the leasing of urban properties in Brazil, does not expressly require the creation of an inspection report but does establish the tenant's responsibility to return the property in the same condition in which it was received, except for normal wear and tear. The absence of an inspection report can make it difficult to prove the property's condition, potentially leading to conflicts between the parties, making this document indispensable for fulfilling contractual obligations. Civil Code of 2002 The Civil Code, in Article 575, states that the tenant must return the property at the end of the lease in the condition in which it was received, allowing for wear and tear resulting from regular use. This reinforces the importance of the inspection report as documentary evidence of the property's condition. The absence of such a document can lead to complicated legal disputes, where one party's word may prevail in the absence of objective evidence. Functions of the Inspection Report Initial Condition Record The initial inspection report documents the property's condition in detail at the time it is handed over to the tenant. It should include precise descriptions of all rooms, electrical and plumbing systems, paintwork, finishes, furnishings (if applicable), and any pre-existing defects or wear. This record is crucial to ensure that the tenant is not held responsible for damages that existed before the lease began. Comparison for Property Return At the end of the lease, a final inspection is conducted, where the current condition of the property is compared to that recorded in the initial report. This comparison helps identify any damage or deterioration beyond normal wear and tear and determines whether the tenant should be responsible for repairs or compensation. If the property is returned in accordance with the initial report, the tenant should be released from any further obligations. Dispute Prevention The inspection report serves as an important preventative tool, avoiding disagreements about the property's condition from escalating into legal disputes. It provides an objective basis for resolving conflicts, facilitating the proof of facts in case of a dispute. Without the report, issues regarding the property's condition can become subjective and difficult to resolve. Drafting and Legal Validity of the Inspection Report Detail and Clarity An inspection report should be detailed and clear, thoroughly describing each part of the property and the conditions observed. Dated and signed photographs are essential elements that complement the descriptions and strengthen the report's validity as documentary evidence. Lack of precision or omission of important details can undermine the report's effectiveness in future disputes. Signatures of the Parties For the inspection report to have legal validity, it must be signed by both parties—landlord and tenant. The tenant's signature confirms their agreement with the conditions described in the document and that they received the property as recorded. If the report is contested in the future, the signature serves as proof of mutual acceptance of the content. Professional Involvement In cases where the property has complex technical features or when there is distrust between the parties, it may be advisable for the inspection report to be carried out or overseen by a qualified professional, such as an engineer or architect. This expert can provide a technical assessment of the property's condition, adding greater credibility and accuracy to the document. Case Law and Court Positions Recognition of the Report’s Importance Brazilian case law recognizes the importance of the inspection report as evidence in disputes over the return of leased properties. The Superior Court of Justice (STJ) has ruled in several cases on the need for documentary evidence to determine liability for property damages. In disputes where there is no signed inspection report, courts tend to rule in favor of the party that presents the best evidence of the property's condition. Conclusion The inspection report is an essential element in real estate lease agreements, providing legal security for both landlords and tenants. It objectively documents the property's condition, preventing conflicts and facilitating dispute resolution. Proper drafting and signing of the report, along with thorough photographic documentation, are key practices to ensure that the interests of both parties are respected and that the lease agreement is fulfilled as agreed. Given the increasing judicialization of lease relationships, preparing a detailed and accurate inspection report is an indispensable measure to avoid litigation and protect the rights involved.